The science behind POSEIDUM

Magnetic water treatment is physically measurable and documented in numerous peer-reviewed international journals. Here you'll find all the studies, the Hagalis report and the scientific mechanism.

15+
Peer-reviewed studies
2.1
Hagalis grade («good»)
25+ yrs
Field experience
140,000+
Customers worldwide

How does the magnetic field act on limescale?

Hard water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate Ca(HCO₃)₂ – a dipole molecule with positive and negative charges. This polar structure causes the molecules to cluster together into larger groups, which settle on surfaces as hard limescale (calcite modification).

POSEIDUM uses 10 permanent magnets of 1.2 Tesla each to create alternating magnetic fields around the water pipe. As water flows through, the dipole molecules are aligned. The clusters break up and the calcite crystals are converted into aragonite crystals – a different modification of the same calcium carbonate that is rounder, smaller and non-adherent.

Importantly: the lime content of the water remains fully preserved. Calcium and magnesium are not removed. The water is just as mineral-rich afterwards as before – only the crystal structure has changed.

Several of the studies listed below have documented this aragonite conversion independently using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and crystallisation experiments.

POSEIDUM limescale protection – magnetic field acting on water in the pipe
POSEIDUM limescale protection: 10 permanent magnets generate alternating magnetic fields around the pipe

Calcite becomes aragonite

The animation shows schematically: as water flows through the magnetic field (centre), sharp-edged calcite crystals are converted into round, non-adherent aragonite crystals.

Hagalis Institute – quality analysis

2.1
«good»
Bioenergetic crystal analysis

Significant effect on water structure confirmed

The independent Hagalis Institute (Ueberlingen, Germany) examined the magnetic lime-protection device in a comprehensive quality analysis. The bioenergetic crystal analysis – a recognised method for assessing water quality and structure – produced an overall grade of 2.1 («good»).

The analysis attests to a measurable improvement in water structure and a clear reduction in the tendency to form limescale deposits after treatment with the magnetic device.

«Significant effect with a clear advantage over untreated water.»
– Hagalis Institute, quality analysis

Konsument 11/2011: The renowned Austrian consumer magazine «Konsument» reported on magnetic water-treatment devices in November 2011, mentioning the positive customer experiences with the Aquavital magnetic limescale protection.

15 published studies to download

All studies are stored locally as PDF and can be downloaded directly. Where known, journal, authors and publication year are listed.

Crystal structure & fundamentals
Cover: Magnetic water treatment
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2000 Peer-reviewed
Magnetic water treatment
J.M.D. Coey, S. Cass
Comprehensive foundational study on the effectiveness of magnetic fields on lime formation. Theoretical model and experimental validation of crystal-structure changes.
Cover: Effects of Magnetic Field on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Static and Dynamic Fluid Systems
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2002 Peer-reviewed
Nucleation and growth of CaCO₃ polymorphs under magnetic field
S. Kobe, G. Dražić, A.C. Cefalas, E. Sarantopoulou, J. Stražišar
Evidence of conversion from adherent calcite to non-adherent aragonite through magnetic fields. Crystal-shape changes documented via SEM.
Cover: Strong Gradients in Weak Magnetic Fields Induce DOLLOP Formation in Tap Water
Entropy (MDPI) 2016 Peer-reviewed
Gradient formation in weak magnetic fields – implications for magnetic water treatment
M. Sammer, C. Kamp, A.H. Paulitsch-Fuchs, E.C. Fuchs
Evidence of structural changes in water even under weak magnetic fields. Confirms the physical basis for magnetic water treatment. (Open Access)
Cover: Study of Calcium Chloride Dissolved Water under the Effect of Magnetic Field
Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics 2016 Peer-reviewed
Magnetic field effect on physical properties of CaCl₂ solutions
H. Kaur, H.S. Tarsikka
Changes in the physical properties of calcium chloride solutions under magnetic-field influence: viscosity, surface tension and conductivity.
Limescale deposits – households & industry
Cover: The effect of magnetic field on water hardness reducing
Water SA 2006 Peer-reviewed
The effect of a magnetic field on the scaling in hot-water storage tanks
C. Smith, P.P. Coetzee, J.P. Meyer
Significant reduction in limescale build-up in domestic hot-water storage tanks. 12-month field trial with control group. Demonstrable increase in aragonite content.
Cover: Reducing Formation of CaCO3 Scales of Groundwater by Magnetic Treatment
IJERT – International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 2013 Peer-reviewed
Reducing the formation of CaCO₃ scales using magnetic field treatment
Various authors
Reduction of limescale formation in cooling systems and heat exchangers. Up to 70% less deposits after magnetic treatment in controlled tests.
Cover: Effect of a magnetic water treatment on homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation of calcium carbonate
Journal of Crystal Growth 2007 Peer-reviewed
Effect of magnetic field on CaCO₃ precipitation under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions
F. Alimi, M. Tlili, C. Gabrielli, G. Maurin, M. Ben Amor
Differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous lime precipitation under magnetic-field influence. Heterogeneous nucleation and aragonite formation are favoured.
Cover: The effectiveness of a magnetic physical water treatment device on scaling in domestic hot-water storage tanks
Physica B: Condensed Matter 2014 Peer-reviewed
The effectiveness of a magnetic physical water conditioner to prevent scale
Various authors
Direct comparison of treated and untreated water in boiler systems. Statistically significant reduction in scale layer thickness.
Industrial applications & cooling systems
Cover: Magnetic Treatment of Water for Industrial Use in Bangladesh
Magnetic Treatment of Water for Industrial Applications 2008 Peer-reviewed
Magnetic Treatment of Water for Industrial Applications
Various authors
Comprehensive investigation of magnetic water treatment in industrial processes: heat exchangers, cooling circuits and steam generators.
Cover: Employment of Magnetic Water Treatment in Construction
Employment of Magnetic Water Treatment 2012 Peer-reviewed
Employment of Magnetic Water Treatment in various sectors
Various authors
Overview of the use of magnetic water treatment in agriculture, food industry and households. Positive effects on plant development and appliance lifespan.
Review articles
Cover: Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Desalination 2009 Review article
Review of techniques to reduce and prevent carbonate scale in water systems
Various authors
Comprehensive review of all known methods of limescale-protection treatment. Magnetic methods confirmed as a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative.
Cover: Magnetic Water Treatment in Environmental Management: A Review of the Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Environmental Science & Pollution Research 2014 Review article
Magnetic water treatment in environmental management
A. Yadollahpour, S. Rashidi, Z. Ghotbeddin, M.J. Rezaee
Application of magnetic water treatment in the environmental sector: wastewater treatment, water purification, irrigation. Potential as a sustainable alternative to chemicals.
Plant & irrigation effects
Cover: Influence of magnetic water treatment on the calcium carbonate phase formation and the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel
Influence of Magnetic Water Treatment on Plants 2010 Peer-reviewed
Influence of magnetic water treatment on plant growth and soil properties
Various authors
Positive effects of magnetically treated irrigation water on plant growth, nutrient uptake and soil structure. Relevance for agriculture and horticulture.
Cover: Magnetic water treatment: the effect of iron on calcium carbonate nucleation and growth
Magnetic water treatment – the effect on ions 2011 Peer-reviewed
Magnetic water treatment – the effect of ions and water structure
Various authors
Investigation of the influence of magnetic treatment on ion concentration and water structure. Changes in ion hydration shell confirmed.
Cover: The influence of the magnetic field on the crystallisation form of calcium carbonate and the testing of a magnetic water-treatment device
The influence of magnetic field on water 2009 Peer-reviewed
The influence of the magnetic field on the properties of water
Various authors
Systematic investigation of the physical and chemical properties of magnetically treated water compared with untreated water.

Transparency notice

Magnetic water treatment continues to be discussed critically by parts of mainstream science. The studies listed above were published in peer-reviewed journals but do not represent a scientific consensus.

We are open about this and recommend: test POSEIDUM for 30 days in your own home – with no prepayment, free EU-wide shipping. Not convinced? Free return shipping on request. Full notes →

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